SUMMARY

Chapter 6: Old and New (400 Years, ca. 1350–1750): Three-Quarter Phase) continues with mechanics, a subject with its own distinct developments including transmissions to Europe. The so-called ‘science of devices’ brings in the related message that, besides roots through ancient Greek sources, routes through European transmissions, rules through local patrons, books through teachings on both knowledge and practice, and schools through institutions and communities, another component critical to developments is ‘tools’. In this chapter, tools are highlighted through applications in places from mosques and schools to observatories and courts during the four centuries involving various exchanges with Europe, here termed a ‘Three-Quarter Phase.’